{"id":3136,"date":"2025-01-27T09:11:50","date_gmt":"2025-01-27T08:11:50","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/xenico.pl\/?p=3136"},"modified":"2025-02-03T08:54:11","modified_gmt":"2025-02-03T07:54:11","slug":"the-role-of-vitamins-a-d-e-and-k-in-building-immunity","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/xenico.pl\/en\/the-role-of-vitamins-a-d-e-and-k-in-building-immunity\/","title":{"rendered":"The role of vitamins A, D, E and K in building immunity"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_82_2 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/xenico.pl\/en\/the-role-of-vitamins-a-d-e-and-k-in-building-immunity\/#the-role-of-vitamin-a-in-building-immunity\" >The role of vitamin A in building immunity<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/xenico.pl\/en\/the-role-of-vitamins-a-d-e-and-k-in-building-immunity\/#the-role-of-vitamin-d-in-building-immunity\" >The role of vitamin D in building immunity<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/xenico.pl\/en\/the-role-of-vitamins-a-d-e-and-k-in-building-immunity\/#the-role-of-vitamin-e-in-building-immunity\" >The role of vitamin E in building immunity<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/xenico.pl\/en\/the-role-of-vitamins-a-d-e-and-k-in-building-immunity\/#the-role-of-vitamin-k-in-building-immunity\" >The role of vitamin K in building immunity<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/xenico.pl\/en\/the-role-of-vitamins-a-d-e-and-k-in-building-immunity\/#synergism-of-vitamins-a-d-e-k\" >Synergism of vitamins A, D, E, K<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/xenico.pl\/en\/the-role-of-vitamins-a-d-e-and-k-in-building-immunity\/#effect-of-vitamin-a-d-e-k-deficiency-on-immunity\" >Effect of vitamin A, D, E, K deficiency on immunity<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/xenico.pl\/en\/the-role-of-vitamins-a-d-e-and-k-in-building-immunity\/#what-to-look-for-when-choosing-vitamins-a-d-e-k\" >What to look for when choosing vitamins A, D, E, K?<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<p>Vitamins are compounds that must be provided with the diet, as the body cannot synthesise them in sufficient quantities. The body&#8217;s nutritional status is fundamental to maintaining normal immune system function, and nutrient deficiencies often result in impaired immune function. Consuming vitamins at higher levels than the recommended daily norm can further strengthen the immune system. This also applies to vitamins A, D, E, K, which are fat-soluble compounds.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"the-role-of-vitamin-a-in-building-immunity\"><\/span>The role of vitamin A in building immunity<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Vitamin A is found in offal (liver), butter, eggs and in the form of carotenoids (provitamin A) in vegetables and fruit. This vitamin exists in the form of retinol, retinal and retinoic acid (RA), of which the latter is the most important biologically active metabolite.<br \/>\nRetinoic acid is essential for strengthening the innate immune response and regulating acquired immunity. Retinol influences cytokine production, cell integrity, immune cell activation, antigen presentation and lymphocyte transport to mucosal surfaces (including the gut). Retinoic acid promotes the differentiation of immunoglobulin A (IgA), with antiviral and antimicrobial properties, by antibody-secreting cells (ASCs) present in mucosal tissues. Vitamin A also regulates the antimicrobial activity of macrophages. It also influences the composition and diversity of the gut microbiota, which is involved in the preparation and regulation of mucosal and systemic immunity. In addition, vitamin A and its metabolites modulate the balance between Th1 and Th2 cells, which plays an important role in allergies and autoimmune diseases.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_3131\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3131\" style=\"width: 600px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-3131\" src=\"https:\/\/xenico.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/rola-witamin-a-d-e-i-k-w-budowaniu-odpornosci2.jpg\" alt=\"rola-witamin-a-d-e-i-k-w-budowaniu-odpornosci2\" width=\"600\" height=\"401\" srcset=\"https:\/\/xenico.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/rola-witamin-a-d-e-i-k-w-budowaniu-odpornosci2.jpg 800w, https:\/\/xenico.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/rola-witamin-a-d-e-i-k-w-budowaniu-odpornosci2-380x254.jpg 380w, https:\/\/xenico.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/rola-witamin-a-d-e-i-k-w-budowaniu-odpornosci2-240x160.jpg 240w, https:\/\/xenico.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/rola-witamin-a-d-e-i-k-w-budowaniu-odpornosci2-768x513.jpg 768w, https:\/\/xenico.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/rola-witamin-a-d-e-i-k-w-budowaniu-odpornosci2-450x300.jpg 450w, https:\/\/xenico.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/rola-witamin-a-d-e-i-k-w-budowaniu-odpornosci2-600x401.jpg 600w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3131\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Vitamin A is found in offal (liver), butter, eggs and in the form of carotenoids (provitamin A) in vegetables and fruit. This vitamin exists in the form of retinol, retinal and retinoic acid (RA), of which the latter is the most important biologically active metabolite.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"the-role-of-vitamin-d-in-building-immunity\"><\/span>The role of vitamin D in building immunity<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Vitamin D (calcitriol, cholecalciferol) mainly comes from skin synthesis and supplementation is recommended for people of all ages during autumn and winter. Vitamin D has its own receptors (VDR) in the human body, which are responsible for the expression of as many as 2,000-3,000 genes, allowing it to have a versatile action in many organs and cells of the immune system. Calcitriol influences many factors of the innate and acquired immune system. It exerts antiviral and antimicrobial activity by stimulating the release of cathelicidin and defensins. It also reduces the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and is essential in the immunomodulation of immune cells.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"the-role-of-vitamin-e-in-building-immunity\"><\/span>The role of vitamin E in building immunity<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Vitamin E is otherwise a collective term for the four tocopherols and tocotrienols (\u03b1-, \u03b2-, \u03b3- and \u03b4-) found in foods. The best sources of it are vegetable fats (sunflower oil, wheat germ oil, olive oil), seeds and nuts.<br \/>\nVitamin E directly affects the integrity of the cell membrane of immune T cells, signal transduction and cell proliferation. It has protective properties against the oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids, which are present in the membranes of immune cells. Their high metabolic and defence activity against pathogens makes them susceptible to oxidative damage. Vitamin E modulates inflammatory mediators, including PGE2 and cytokine production, so it also indirectly affects immunity.<br \/>\nVitamin E supplementation above standard dietary recommendations has been shown to improve immune function and reduce the risk of infection, especially in older people.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_3133\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3133\" style=\"width: 600px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-3133\" src=\"https:\/\/xenico.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/rola-witamin-a-d-e-i-k-w-budowaniu-odpornosci3.jpg\" alt=\"Rola witamin A, D, E i K w budowaniu odporno\u015bci\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https:\/\/xenico.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/rola-witamin-a-d-e-i-k-w-budowaniu-odpornosci3.jpg 800w, https:\/\/xenico.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/rola-witamin-a-d-e-i-k-w-budowaniu-odpornosci3-380x253.jpg 380w, https:\/\/xenico.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/rola-witamin-a-d-e-i-k-w-budowaniu-odpornosci3-240x160.jpg 240w, https:\/\/xenico.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/rola-witamin-a-d-e-i-k-w-budowaniu-odpornosci3-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/xenico.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/rola-witamin-a-d-e-i-k-w-budowaniu-odpornosci3-450x300.jpg 450w, https:\/\/xenico.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/rola-witamin-a-d-e-i-k-w-budowaniu-odpornosci3-600x400.jpg 600w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3133\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Najlepszym jej \u017ar\u00f3d\u0142em s\u0105 t\u0142uszcze ro\u015blinne (olej s\u0142onecznikowy, z zarodk\u00f3w pszenicy, oliwa z oliwek), nasiona i orzechy.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"the-role-of-vitamin-k-in-building-immunity\"><\/span>The role of vitamin K in building immunity<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Vitamin K is divided in nature into two subgroups: vitamin K1 (phylloquinone) and the vitamin K2 group (menaquinone &#8211; MK). Sources of menaquinone are animal products and fermentation of capable bacteria in food, including gut bacteria. Vitamin K-dependent activation of matrix Gla protein (MGP) is a potent protective factor for soft tissues against various injuries, such as mineralisation and degradation. It protects against vascular and pulmonary tissue damage caused by inflammation during SARS CoV-2 infection, among others. In addition, K2-MK7 inhibits pro-inflammatory mediators such as IL-1\u03b1, IL-6, IL-1\u03b2 and TNF-\u03b1.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"synergism-of-vitamins-a-d-e-k\"><\/span>Synergism of vitamins A, D, E, K<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Deficiencies of both vitamin A and vitamin D promote the emergence of a dysbiosis of the microbiome, which increases susceptibility to infection or damage to the digestive tract. They regulate the function of the immune cells of the intestinal epithelium and mucous membranes. Calcitriol, on the other hand, works in tandem with K2-MK7 to support the absorption of calcium first in the intestines and then its transport to the bones. Vitamin E, on the other hand, is a powerful antioxidant, protecting immune cells from damage, among other things. A deficiency in any of these vitamins will weaken the immune system.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"effect-of-vitamin-a-d-e-k-deficiency-on-immunity\"><\/span>Effect of vitamin A, D, E, K deficiency on immunity<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Retinol deficiency causes a number of consequences: imbalances in the production of inflammatory and immunomodulatory cytokines, impaired mucosal barrier function, intestinal inflammation and disruption of the gut microbiome. In contrast, infectious diseases adversely affect the status of vitamin A in the body, interfering with its intestinal absorption, utilisation and excretion. This may indicate a greater need for supply of this component during infection. Vitamin D deficiency leads to immune system dysfunction, which increases the risk of contracting bacterial and viral infections. Vitamin E deficiency also increases the risk of infection and the appearance of inflammation in the body.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"what-to-look-for-when-choosing-vitamins-a-d-e-k\"><\/span>What to look for when choosing vitamins A, D, E, K?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>The main factor that affects the adequate absorption of these nutrients is the presence of fat, so opting for oil-containing capsules or drops will be advisable. Chemical forms also make a difference. It is important to choose vitamin D3 of natural origin. In the instance of menaquinone, the best absorbed form is MK-7, derived from natto. Vitamin E often appears in preparations as a single form (e.g. D-alpha tocopherol), and the body needs a full profile of tocopherols and tocotrienols.<\/p>\n<p><em style=\"font-size: 14px;\">Bibliography:<\/em><br \/>\n<em style=\"font-size: 14px;\">Jarosz M., Rychlik E., Sto\u015b K. i wsp.: Normy \u017cywienia dla populacji Polski i ich zastosowanie., PZH, 2020<\/em><br \/>\n<em style=\"font-size: 14px;\">Amimo JO, Michael H, Chepngeno J, Raev SA, Saif LJ, Vlasova AN. Immune Impairment Associated with Vitamin A Deficiency: Insights from Clinical Studies and Animal Model Research. Nutrients. 2022 Nov 26;14(23):5038.<\/em><br \/>\n<em style=\"font-size: 14px;\">Visser MPJ, Dofferhoff ASM, van den Ouweland JMW i wsp.: Effects of Vitamin D and K on Interleukin-6 in COVID-19. Front Nutr. 2022 Jan 17;8:761191.<\/em><br \/>\n<em style=\"font-size: 14px;\">Wimalawansa SJ. Infections and Autoimmunity-The Immune System and Vitamin D: A Systematic Review. Nutrients. 2023 Sep 2;15(17):3842.<\/em><br \/>\n<em style=\"font-size: 14px;\">Wawer I., Kompendium suplement\u00f3w diety. 2023, Medyk<\/em><br \/>\n<em style=\"font-size: 14px;\">Jadhav N, Ajgaonkar S, Saha P. i wsp.: Molecular Pathways and Roles for Vitamin K2-7 as a Health-Beneficial Nutraceutical: Challenges and Opportunities. Front Pharmacol. 2022 Jun 14;13:896920.<\/em><br \/>\n<em style=\"font-size: 14px;\">Mora JR, Iwata M, von Andrian UH. Vitamin effects on the immune system: vitamins A and D take centre stage. Nat Rev Immunol. 2008 Sep;8(9):685-98.<\/em><br \/>\n<em style=\"font-size: 14px;\">Cantorna MT, Snyder L, Arora J. Vitamin A and vitamin D regulate the microbial complexity, barrier function, and the mucosal immune responses to ensure intestinal homeostasis. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol. 2019 Apr;54(2):184-192.<\/em><br \/>\n<em style=\"font-size: 14px;\">D\u017eopali\u0107 T, Bo\u017ei\u0107-Nedeljkovi\u0107 B, Juri\u0161i\u0107 V. The role of vitamin A and vitamin D in modulation of the immune response with a focus on innate lymphoid cells. Cent Eur J Immunol. 2021;46(2):264-269.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Vitamins are compounds that must be provided with the diet, as the body cannot synthesise them in sufficient quantities. The body&#8217;s nutritional status is fundamental to maintaining normal immune system<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":3129,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[132,173,192,188],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3136","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-vitamin-c","category-vitamin-d","category-witamina-e-en","category-witamina-k-en"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>The role of vitamins A, D, E and K in building immunity - Xenico Pharma\u00ae<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/xenico.pl\/en\/the-role-of-vitamins-a-d-e-and-k-in-building-immunity\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"The role of vitamins A, D, E and K in building immunity - Xenico Pharma\u00ae\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Vitamins are compounds that must be provided with the diet, as the body cannot synthesise them in sufficient quantities. 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